What did aristocrats during the Shang dynasty use to turn their nails a crimson or ebony color?

During the Shang dynasty, aristocrats utilized a concoction of gum arabic, gelatin, beeswax, and egg whites to achieve vibrant nail colors, particularly in shades of crimson and ebony. This mixture was valued not only for its aesthetic appeal but also for its practical properties. Gum arabic served as a binding agent, while gelatin provided a glossy finish. Beeswax helped in creating a protective layer, and egg whites contributed to the smooth application of the mixture.

The historical context of this practice highlights the significance of nail color in Chinese culture, reflecting status and sophistication among the aristocracy. The other choices, while they may contain natural components, do not accurately represent the specific formulations used during this time for nail coloring. For instance, henna is known for its dyeing capabilities but was not traditionally associated with the Shang dynasty. Crushed shells and charcoal mixtures are not documented as the chosen methods for aristocratic nail decoration. This highlights the unique attributes and sophistication of option B as the correct answer in understanding beauty practices of the Shang dynasty.